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To restore the contents of a previous package database backup, run the following command replacing /path/to/pkg.sql with the location of the backup: 4.4.9. Modifying Package Metadata. Not all FreeBSD versions and architectures support this bootstrap process. The current list is at https://pkg.freebsd.org/. For other cases, pkg must instead be installed from the Ports Collection or as a binary package. Since pkg only works with binary packages, it is not a replacement for such tools. Those tools can be used to install software from both binary packages and the Ports Collection, while pkg installs only binary packages. This step is not required for new installations that do not yet have any third-party software installed. For example, to see which version of pkg is installed, run: When upgrading an existing system that originally used the older pkg_* tools, the database must be converted to the new format, so that the new tools are aware of the already installed packages. Once pkg has been installed, the package database must be converted from the traditional format to the new format by running this command: Removing a package may leave behind dependencies which are no longer required. Unneeded packages that were installed as dependencies (leaf packages) can be automatically detected and removed using: Marking an installed package as automatic can be done using: Pkg downloader 2.5. Unlike the traditional package management system, pkg includes its own package database backup mechanism. This functionality is enabled by default. For sites wishing to only use prebuilt binary packages from the FreeBSD mirrors, managing packages with pkg can be sufficient. To change the package origin for the above example, run: The rest of this section demonstrates common binary package management tasks which can be performed using pkg . Each demonstrated command provides many switches to customize its use. Refer to a command's help or man page for details and more examples. This command uses repository data to determine which version of the software to install and if it has any uninstalled dependencies. For example, to install curl : Installed packages can be upgraded to their latest versions by running: Information about the packages installed on a system can be viewed by running pkg info which, when run without any switches, will list the package version for either all installed packages or the specified package. 4.4.7. Restoring the Package Database. pkg prime-list is an alias command declared in /usr/local/etc/pkg.conf . There are many others that can be used to query the package database of the system. For instance, command pkg prime-origins can be used to get the origin port directory of the list mentioned above: Software vulnerabilities are regularly discovered in third-party applications. To address this, pkg includes a built-in auditing mechanism. To determine if there are any known vulnerabilities for the software installed on the system, run: 4.4.4. Upgrading Installed Packages. By default, pkg uses the binary packages from the FreeBSD package mirrors (the repository ). For information about building a custom package repository, see Section 4.6, “Building Packages with Poudriere ”. You must have a working Internet connection for the bootstrap process to succeed. Packages that are no longer needed can be removed with pkg delete . For example: To ensure that the Ports Collection registers new software with pkg instead of the traditional packages database, FreeBSD versions earlier than 10. X require this line in /etc/make.conf : If restoring a backup taken by the periodic script, it must be decompressed prior to being restored. Important: This list can be used to rebuild all packages installed on a system using build tools such as ports-mgmt/poudriere or ports-mgmt/synth. The package database conversion may emit errors as the contents are converted to the new version. Generally, these errors can be safely ignored. However, a list of software that was not successfully converted is shown after pkg2ng finishes. These applications must be manually reinstalled. Usage information for pkg is available in the pkg (8) manual page or by running pkg without additional arguments. To disable the periodic script from backing up the package database, set daily_backup_pkgdb_enable="NO" in periodic.conf (5) . 4.4.6. Automatically Removing Unused Packages. Prev Up Next 4.3. Finding Software Home 4.5. Using the Ports Collection. 4.4.1. Getting Started with pkg. Software within the FreeBSD Ports Collection can undergo major version number changes. To address this, pkg has a built-in command to update package origins. This can be useful, for example, if lang/php5 is renamed to lang/php53 so that lang/php5 can now represent version 5.4 . 4.4.8. Removing Stale Packages. 4.4.3. Installing and Removing Packages. As another example, to update lang/ruby18 to lang/ruby19, run: To run a manual backup of the pkg database, run the following command, replacing /path/to/pkg.sql with a suitable file name and location: Packages installed as dependencies are called automatic packages. Non-automatic packages, i.e the packages that were explicity installed not as a dependency to another package, can be listed using: The entire cache may be cleared by running: Additional pkg configuration options are described in pkg.conf (5) . Questions that are not answered by the documentation may be sent to . Send questions about this document to . By default, pkg stores binary packages in a cache directory defined by PKG_CACHEDIR in pkg.conf (5) . Only copies of the latest installed packages are kept. Older versions of pkg kept all previous packages. To remove these outdated binary packages, run: As a final example, to change the origin of the libglut shared libraries from graphics/libglut to graphics/freeglut, run: 4.4.2. Obtaining Information About Installed Packages. This command will compare the installed versions with those available in the repository catalogue and upgrade them from the repository. However, for those sites building from source or using their own repositories, a separate port management tool will be needed. To bootstrap the system, run: This step is not reversible. Once the package database has been converted to the pkg format, the traditional pkg_* tools should no longer be used. When changing package origins, it is important to reinstall packages that are dependent on the package with the modified origin. To force a reinstallation of dependent packages, run: Marking an installed package as not automatic can be done using: Once a package is a leaf package and is marked as automatic, it gets selected by pkg autoremove . Each pkg command argument is documented in a command-specific manual page. To read the manual page for pkg install , for example, run either of these commands: 4.4.5. Auditing Installed Packages. Otherwise, to install the port, run: pkg is the next generation replacement for the traditional FreeBSD package management tools, offering many features that make dealing with binary packages faster and easier. FreeBSD includes a bootstrap utility which can be used to download and install pkg and its manual pages. This utility is designed to work with versions of FreeBSD starting with 10. X . To install a binary package use the following command, where packagename is the name of the package to install: The new package and any additional packages that were installed as dependencies can be seen in the installed packages list:

 

 

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